| Glossary of Printing and Graphic Arts Terms |
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Acetate
A transparent sheet placed over originals or artwork, allowing the
designer to write instructions and\or indicate a second color for
placement.
Acid-free Paper
Papermade from pulp containing little or no acid so it resists deterioration
from age. Also called alkaline paper, archival paper, neutral pH paper,
permanent paper and thesis paper.
Acid Resist
An acid-proof protective coating applied to metal plates prior to
etching.
Additive Color
color produced by light falling onto a surface, as compared to subtractive
color. The additive primary colors are red, green and blue.
A4 Paper
ISO paper size 210 x 297mm used for Letterhead.
Against the Grain
At right angles to the grain direction of the paper being used, as
compared to with the grain. Also called across the grain and cross
grain. See also Grain Direction.
Airbrush
Pen-shaped tool that sprays a fine mist of ink or paint to retouch
photos and create continuous-tone illustrations.
Alteration
Any change made by the customer after copy or artwork has been given
to the service bureau, separator or printer. The change could be in
copy, specifications or both. Also called AA, author alteration and
customer alteration.
Anodized Plate
An offset printing plate having a treated surface in order to reduce
wear for extended use.
Anti-offset Powder
Fine powder lightly sprayed over the printed surface of coated paper
as sheets leave a press. Also called dust, offset powder, powder and
spray powder.
Antique Paper
Roughest finish offered on offset paper.
Aqueous Coating
Coating in a water base and applied like ink by a printing press to
protect and enhance the printing underneath.
Artwork
All original copy, including type, photos and illustrations, intended
for printing. Also called art.
Author's Alterations (AA's)
At the proofing stage, changes that the client requests to be made
concerning original art provided. AA's are considered an additional
cost to the client usually.
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Back Up
(1) To print on the second side of a sheet already printed on one
side. (2) To adjust an image on one side of a sheet so that it aligns
back-to-back with an image on the other side.
Base Art
Copy pasted up on the mounting oard of a mechanical, as compared to
overlay art. Also called base mechanical.
Base Negative
Negative made by photographing base art.
Basic Size
The standard size of sheets of paper used to calculate basis weight
in the United States and Canada.
Basis Weight
In the United States and Canada, the weight, in pounds, of a ream
(500 sheets) of paper cut to the basic size. Also called ream weight
and substance weight (sub weight). In countries using ISO paper sizes,
the weight, in grams, of one square meter of paper. Also called grammage
and ream weight.
Bind
Usually in the book arena, but not exclusively, the joining of leafs
or signatures together with either wire, glue or other means.
Bindery
Usually a department within a printing company responsible for collating,
folding and trimming various printing projects.
Blank
Category of paperboard ranging in thickness from 15 to 48 points.
Blanket
Rubber-coated pad, mounted on a cylinder of an offset press, that
receives the inked image from the plate and transfers it to the surface
to be printed.
Bleed
Printing that extends to the edge of a sheet or page after trimming.
Blind Folio
A page number not printed on the page. (In the book arena, a blank
page traditionally does not print a page number.)
Blind Image
Image debossed, embossed or stamped, but not printed with ink or foil.
Blocking
Sticking together of printed sheets causing damage when the surfaces
are separated.
Blow-Up
An enlargement, usually used with graphic images or photographs
Blueline
Prepress photographic proof made from stripped negatives where all
colors show as blue images on white paper. Because 'blueline' is a
generic term for proofs made from a variety of materials having identical
purposes and similar appearances, it may also be called a blackprint,
blue, blueprint, brownline, brownprint, diazo, dyeline, ozalid, position
proof, silverprint, Dylux and VanDyke.
Blurb
A description or commentary of an author or book content positioned
on the book jacket.
Board Paper
General term for paper over 110# index, 80# cover or 200 gsm that
is commonly used for products such as file folders, displays and post
cards. Also called paperboard.
Body
The main text of work not including the headlines.
Boiler Plate
Blocks of repetitive type used and copied over and over again.
Bond paper
Category of paper commonly used for writing, printing and photocopying.
Also called business paper, communication paper, correspondence paper
and writing paper.
Book Block
Folded signatures gathered, sewn and trimmed, but not yet covered.
Book Paper
Category of paper suitable for books, magazines, catalogs, advertising
and general printing needs. Book paper is divided into uncoated paper
(also called offset paper), coated paper (also called art paper, enamel
paper, gloss paper and slick paper) and text paper.
Border
The decorative design or rule surrounding matter on a page.
Bounce
(1) a repeating registration problem in the printing stage of production.
(2) Customer unhappy with the results of a printing project and refuses
to accept the project.
Bristol Paper
General term referring to paper 6 points or thicker with basis weight
between 90# and 200# (200-500 gsm). Used for products such as index
cards, file folders and displays.
Broadside
The term used to indicate work printed on one of a large sheet of
paper.
Bromide
A photographic print created on bromide paper.
Broken Carton
Carton of paper from which some of the sheets have been sold. Also
called less carton.
Bronzing
The effect produced by dusting wet ink after printing and using a
metallic powder.
Build a Color
To overlap two or more screen tints to create a new color. Such an
overlap is called a build, color build, stacked screen build or tint
build.
Bulk
Thickness of paper relative to its basic weight.
Bullet
A dot or similar marking to emphasize text.
Burst Perfect Bind
To bind by forcing glue into notches along the spines of gathered
signatures before affixing a paper cover. Also called burst bind,
notch bind and slotted bind.
Butt Register
Register where ink colors meet precisely without overlapping or allowing
space between, as compared to lap register. Also called butt fit and
kiss register.
Buy Out
To subcontract for a service that is closely related to the business
of the organization. Also called farm out. Work that is bought out
or farmed out is sometimes called outwork or referred to as being
out of house.
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C1S and C2S
Abbreviations for coated one side and coated two sides.
Calender
To make the surface of paper smooth by pressing it between rollers
during manufacturing.
Caliper
(1) Thickness of paper or other substrate expressed in thousandths
of an inch (mils or points), pages per inch (ppi), thousandths of
a millimeter (microns) or pages per centimeter (ppc). (2) Device on
a sheetfed press that detects double sheets or on a binding machine
that detects missing signatures or inserts.
Camera-ready Copy
Mechanicals, photographs and art fully prepared for reproduction according
to the technical requirements of the printing process being used.
Also called finished art and reproduction copy.
Camera Service
Business using a process camera to make photostats, halftones, plates
and other elements for printing. Also called prep service and trade
camera service.
Carbonless Paper
Paper coated with chemicals that enable transfer of images from one
sheet to another with pressure from writing or typing.
Carload
Selling unit of paper that may weigh anywhere from 20,000 to 100,000
pounds (9,090 to 45, 454 kilos), depending on which mill or merchant
uses the term. Abbreviated CL.
Carton
Selling unit of paper weighing approximately 150 pounds (60 kilos).
A carton can contain anywhere from 500 to 5,000 sheets, depending
on the size of sheets and their basis weight.
Case
Covers and spine that, as a unit, enclose the pages of a casebound
book.
Case Bind
To bind using glue to hold signatures to a case made of binder board
covered with fabric, plastic or leather. Also called cloth bind, edition
bind, hard bind and hard cover.
Cast-coated Paper
High gloss, coated paper made by pressing the paper against a polished,
hot, metal drum while the coating is still wet.
Catalog Paper
Coated paper rated #4 or #5 with basis weight from 35# to 50# (50
to 75 gsm) commonly used for catalogs and magazines.
Chain Dot
(1) Alternate term for elliptical dot, so called because midtone dots
touch at two points, so look like links in a chain. (2) Generic term
for any midtone dots whose corners touch.
Chain Lines
(1) Widely spaced lines in laid paper. (2) Blemishes on printed images
caused by tracking.
Chalking
Deterioration of a printed image caused by ink that absorbs into paper
too fast or has long exposure to sun, and wind making printed images
look dusty. Also called crocking.
Check Copy
(1) Production copy of a publication verified by the customer as printed,
finished and bound correctly. (2) One set of gathered book signatures
approved by the customer as ready for binding.
Choke
Technique of slightly reducing the size of an image to create a hairline
trap or to outline. Also called shrink and skinny.
Chrome
Strength of a color as compared to how close it seems to neutral gray.
Also called depth, intensity, purity and saturation.
Close Up
A mark used to indicate closing space between characters or words.
Usually used in proofing stages.
CMYK
Abbreviation for cyan, magenta, yellow and key (black), the four process
colors.
Coarse Screen
Halftone screen with ruling of 65, 85 or 100 lines per inch (26, 34
or 40 lines centimeter).
Coated Paper
Paper with a coating of clay and other substances that improves reflectivity
and ink holdout. Mills produce coated paper in the four major categories
cast, gloss, dull and matte.
Collate
To organize printed matter in a specific order as requested.
Collating Marks
Mostly in the book arena, specific marks on the back of signatures
indicating exact position in the collating stage.
Color Balance
Refers to amounts of process colors that simulate the colors of the
original scene or photograph.
Color Blanks
Press sheets printed with photos or illustrations, but without type.
Also called shells.
Color Break
In multicolor printing, the point, line or space at which one ink
color stops and another begins. Also called break for color.
Color Cast
Unwanted color affecting an entire image or portion of an image.
Color Control Bar
Strip of small blocks of color on a proof or press sheet to help evaluate
features such as density and dot gain. Also called color bar, color
guide and standard offset color bar.
Color Correct
To adjust the relationship among the process colors to achieve desirable
colors.
Color Curves
Instructions in computer software that allow users to change or correct
colors. Also called HLS and HVS tables.
Color Electronic Prepress System
Computer, scanner, printer and other hardware and software designed
for image assembly, color correction, retouching and output onto proofing
materials, film or printing plates. Abbreviated CEPS.
Color Gamut
The entire range of hues possible to reproduce using a specific device,
such as a computer screen, or system, such as four-color process printing.
Color Key
Brand name for an overlay color proof. Sometimes used as a generic
term for any overlay color proof.
Color Model
Way of categorizing and describing the infinite array of colors found
in nature.
Color Separation
(1) Technique of using a camera, scanner or computer to divide continuous-tone
color images into four halftone negatives. (2) The product resulting
from color separating and subsequent four-color process printing.
Also called separation.
Color Sequence
Order in which inks are printed. Also called laydown sequence and
rotation.
Color Shift
Change in image color resulting from changes in register, ink densities
or dot gain during four-color process printing.
Color Transparency
Film (transparent) used as art to perform color separations.
Comb Bind
To bind by inserting the teeth of a flexible plastic comb through
holes punched along the edge of a stack of paper. Also called plastic
bind and GBC bind (a brand name).
Commercial Printer
Printer producing a wide range of products such as announcements,
brochures, posters, booklets, stationery, business forms, books and
magazines. Also called job printer because each job is different.
Complementary Flat(s)
The second or additional flat(s) used when making composite film or
for two or more burns on one printing plate.
Composite Art
Mechanical on which copy for reproduction in all colors appears on
only one surface, not separated onto overlays. Composite art has a
tissue overlay with instructions that indicate color breaks.
Composite Film
Film made by combining images from two or more pieces of working film
onto one film for making one plate.
Composite Proof
Proof of color separations in position with graphics and type. Also
called final proof, imposition proof and stripping proof.
Composition
(1) In typography, the assembly of typographic elements, such as words
and paragraphs, into pages ready for printing. (2) In graphic design,
the arrangement of type, graphics and other elements on the page.
Comprehensive Dummy
Simulation of a printed piece complete with type, graphics and colors.
Also called color comprehensive and comp.
Condition
To keep paper in the pressroom for a few hours or days before printing
so that its moisture level and temperature equal that in the pressroom.
Also called cure, mature and season.
Contact Platemaker
Device with lights, timing mechanism and vacuum frame used to make
contact prints, duplicate film, proofs and plates. Also called platemaker
and vacuum frame.
Continuous-tone Copy
All photographs and those illustrations having a range of shades not
made up of dots, as compared to line copy or halftones. Abbreviated
contone.
Contrast
The degree of tones in an image ranging from highlight to shadow.
Converter
Business that makes products such as boxes, bags, envelopes and displays.
Copyboard
Surface or frame on a process camera that holds copy in position to
be photographed.
Cover
Thick paper that protects a publication and advertises its title.
Parts of covers are often described as follows: Cover 1=outside front;
Cover 2=inside front; Cover 3=inside back, Cover 4=outside back.
Coverage
Extent to which ink covers the surface of a substrate. Ink coverage
is usually expressed as light, medium or heavy.
Cover Paper
Category of thick paper used for products such as posters, menus,
folders and covers of paperback books.
Crash
Coarse cloth embedded in the glue along the spine of a book to increase
strength of binding. Also called gauze, mull and scrim.
Creep
Phenomenon of middle pages of a folded signature extending slightly
beyond outside pages. Also called feathering, outpush, push out and
thrust. See also Shingling.
Crop Marks
Lines near the edges of an image indicating portions to be reproduced.
Also called cut marks and tic marks.
Crossover
Type or art that continues from one page of a book or magazine across
the gutter to the opposite page. Also called bridge, gutter bleed
and gutter jump.
Cure
To dry inks, varnishes or other coatings after printing to ensure
good adhesion and prevent setoff.
Customer Service Representative
Employee of a printer, service bureau, separator or other business
who coordinates projects and keeps customers informed. Abbreviated
CSR.
Cutoff
Circumference of the impression cylinder of a web press, therefore
also the length of the printed sheet that the press cuts from the
roll of paper.
Cut Sizes
Paper sizes used with office machines and small presses.
Cutting Machine
A machine that cuts stacks of paper to desired sizes. The machine
can also be used in scoring or creasing.
Cutting Die
Usually a custom ordered item to trim specific and unusual sized printing
projects.
CWT
Abbreviation for hundredweight using the Roman numeral C=100.
Cyan
One of the four process colors. Also known as process blue.
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Data Compression
Technique of reducing the amount of storage required to hold a digital
file to reduce the disk space the file requires and allow it to be
processed or transmitted more quickly.
Deboss
To press an image into paper so it lies below the surface. Also called
tool.
Deckle Edge
Edge of paper left ragged as it comes from the papermaking machine
instead of being cleanly cut. Also called feather edge.
Densitometer
Instrument used to measure density. Reflection densitometers measure
light reflected from paper and other surfaces; transmission densitometers
measure light transmitted through film and other materials.
Density
(1) Regarding ink, the relative thickness of a layer of printed ink.
(2) Regarding color, the relative ability of a color to absorb light
reflected from it or block light passing through it. (3) Regarding
paper, the relative tightness or looseness of fibers.
Density Range
Difference between the darkest and lightest areas of copy. Also called
contrast ratio, copy range and tonal range.
Desktop Publishing
Technique of using a personal computer to design images and pages,
and assemble type and graphics, then using a laser printer or imagesetter
to output the assembled pages onto paper, film or printing plate.
Abbreviated DTP.
Device Independent Colors
Hules identified by wavelength or by their place in systems such as
developed by CIE. 'Device independent' means a color can be described
and specified without regard to whether it is reproduced using ink,
projected light, photographic chemistry or any other method.
Die
Device for cutting, scoring, stamping, embossing and debossing.
Die Cut
To cut irregular shapes in paper or paperboard using a die.
Digital Proofing
Page proofs produced through electronic memory transferred onto paper
via laser or ink-jet.
Diffusion Transfer
Chemical process of reproducing line copy and making halftone positives
ready for paste-up.
Digital Dot
Dot created by a computer and printed out by a laser printer or imagesetter.
Digital dots are uniform in size, as compared to halftone dots that
vary in size.
Direct Digital Color Proof
Color proof made by a laser, ink jet printer or other computer-controlled
device without needing to make separation films first. Abbreviated
DDCP.
Dog Ear
A letter fold at the side of one of the creases, an indentation occurs.
Dot Gain
Phenomenon of halftone dots printing larger on paper than they are
on films or plates, reducing detail and lowering contrast. Also called
dot growth, dot spread and press gain.
Dot Size
Relative size of halftone dots as compared to dots of the screen ruling
being used. There is no unit of measurement to express dot size. Dots
are too large, too small or correct only in comparison to what the
viewer finds attractive.
Dots-per-inch
Measure of resolution of input devices such as scanners, display devices
such as monitors, and output devices such as laser printers, imagesetters
and monitors. Abbreviated DPI. Also called dot pitch.
Double Black Duotone
Duotone printed from two halftones, one shot for highlights and the
other shot for midtones and shadows.
Double Bump
To print a single image twice so it has two layers of ink.
Double Burn
To expose film or a plate twice to different negatives and thus create
a composite image.
Double Density
A method of recording electronically (disk, CD, floppy) using a modified
frequency to allow more data storage.
Double Dot Halftone
Halftone double burned onto one plate from two halftones, one shot
for shadows, the second shot for midtones and highlights.
Doubling
Printing defect appearing as blurring or shadowing of the image. Doubling
may be caused by problems with paper, cylinder alignment, blanket
pressures or dirty cylinders.
DPI
Considered as "dots per square inch," a measure of output
resolution in relationship to printers, imagesetters and monitors.
Drawdown
Sample of inks specified for a job applied to the substrate specified
for a job. Also called pulldown.
Drill
In the printing arena, to drill a whole in a printed matter.
Dropout
Halftone dots or fine lines eliminated from highlights by overexposure
during camera work.
Dropout Halftone
Halftone in which contrast has been increased by eliminating dots
from highlights.
Dry Back
Phenomenon of printed ink colors becoming less dense as the ink dries.
Dry Offset
Using metal plates in the printing process, which are etched to .15mm
(.0006 in) creating a right reading plate, printed on the offset blanket
transferring to paper without the use of water.
Dry Trap
To print over dry ink, as compared to wet trap.
Dual-purpose Bond Paper
Bond paper suitable for printing by either lithography (offset) or
xerography (photocopy). Abbreviated DP bond paper.
Dull Finish
Flat (not glossy) finish on coated paper; slightly smoother than matte.
Also called suede finish, velour finish and velvet finish.
Dummy
Simulation of the final product. Also called mockup.
Duotone
Black-and-white photograph reproduced using two halftone negatives,
each shot to emphasize different tonal values in the original.
Duplex Paper
Thick paper made by pasting highlights together two thinner sheets,
usually of different colors. Also called double-faced paper and two-tone
paper.
Duplicator
Offset press made for quick printing.
Dylux
Brand name for photographic paper used to make blue line proofs. Often
used as alternate term for blueline.
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Electronic Front End (Electronic Composition)
General term referring to a prepress system based on computers.
Electronic Image Assembly
Assembly of a composite image from portions of other images and/or
other page elements using a computer.
Electronic Mechanical
Mechanical exclusively in electronic files.
Electronic Publishing
(1) Publishing by printing with device, such as a photocopy machine
or ink jet printer, driven by a computer that can change the image
instantly from one copy to the next. (2) Publishing via output on
fax, computer bulletin board or other electronic medium, as compared
to output on paper.
Emboss
To press an image into paper so it lies above the surface. Also called
cameo and tool.
Emulsion
Casting of light-sensitive chemicals on papers, films, printing plates
and stencils.
Emulsion Down/Emulsion Up
Film whose emulsion side faces down (away from the viewer) or up (toward
the viewer) when ready to make a plate or stencil. Abbreviated ED,
EU. Also called E up/down and face down/face up.
Encapsulated PostScript file
Computer file containing both images and PostScript commands. Abbreviated
EPS file.
End Sheet
Sheet that attaches the inside pages of a case bound book to its cover.
Also called pastedown or end papers.
English Finish
Smooth finish on uncoated book paper; smoother than eggshell, rougher
than smooth.
Engraving
Printing method using a plate, also called a die, with an image cut
into its surface.
EP
Abbreviation for envelope.
EPS
Encapsulated Post Script, a known file format usually used to transfer
post script information from one program to another.
Equivalent Paper
Paper that is not the brand specified, but looks, prints and may cost
the same. . Also called comparable stock.
Estimate
Price that states what a job will probably cost. Also called bid,
quotation and tender.
Estimator
The individual performing or creating the "estimate."
Etch
To use chemicals to carve an image into metal, glass or film.
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Face
Edge of a bound publication opposite the spine. Also called foredge.
Also, an abbreviation for typeface referring to a family of a general
style.
Fake Duotone
Halftone in one ink color printed over screen tint of a second ink
color. Also called dummy duotone, dougraph, duplex halftone, false
duotone, flat tint halftone and halftone with screen.
Fast Color Inks
Inks with colors that retain their density and resist fading as the
product is used and washed.
Feeding Unit
Component of a printing press that moves paper into the register unit.
Felt Finish
Soft woven pattern in text paper.
Felt Side
Side of the paper that was not in contact with the Fourdrinier wire
during papermaking, as compared to wire side.
Fifth Color
Ink color used in addition to the four needed by four-color process.
Film Gauge
Thickness of film. The most common gauge for graphic arts film is
0.004 inch (0.1 mm).
Film Laminate
Thin sheet of plastic bonded to a printed product for protection or
increased gloss.
Fine Papers
Papers made specifically for writing or commercial printing, as compared
to coarse papers and industrial papers. Also called cultural papers
and graphic papers.
Fine Screen
Screen with ruling of 150 lines per inch (80 lines per centimeter)
or more.
Finish
(1) Surface characteristics of paper. (2) General term for trimming,
folding, binding and all other post press operations.
Finished Size
Size of product after production is completed, as compared to flat
size. Also called trimmed size.
Fit
Refers to ability of film to be registered during stripping and assembly.
Good fit means that all images register to other film for the same
job.
Fixed Costs
Costs that remain the same regardless of how many pieces are printed.
Copyrighting, photography and design are fixed costs.
Flat Color
(1) Any color created by printing only one ink, as compared to a color
created by printing four-color process. Also called block color and
spot color. (2) color that seems weak or lifeless.
Flat Plan (Flats)
Diagram of the flats for a publication showing imposition and indicating
colors.
Flat Size
Size of product after printing and trimming, but before folding, as
compared to finished size.
Flexography
Method of printing on a web press using rubber or plastic plates with
raised images. Also called aniline printing because flexographic inks
originally used aniline dyes. Abbreviated flexo.
Flood
To print a sheet completely with an ink or varnish. flooding with
ink is also called painting the sheet.
Flush Cover
Cover trimmed to the same size as inside pages, as compared to overhang
cover. Also called cut flush
Flyleaf
Leaf, at the front and back of a casebound book that is the one side
of the end paper not glued to the case.
Fogging Back
Used in making type more legible by lowering density of an image,
while allowing the image to show through.
Foil Emboss
To foil stamp and emboss an image. Also called heat stamp.
Foil Stamp
Method of printing that releases foil from its backing when stamped
with the heated die. Also called block print, hot foil stamp and stamp.
Folder
A bindery machine dedicated to folding printed materials.
Fold Marks
With printed matter, markings indicating where a fold is to occur,
usually located at the top edges.
Foldout
Gatefold sheet bound into a publication, often used for a map or chart.
Also called gatefold and pullout.
Folio (page number)
The actual page number in a publication.
Form
Each side of a signature. Also spelled forme.
Format
Size, style, shape, layout or organization of a layout or printed
product.
Form bond
Lightweight bond, easy to perforate, made for business forms. Also
called register bond.
Form Roller(s)
Roller(s) that come in contact with the printing plate, bringing it
ink or water.
For Position Only
Refers to inexpensive copies of photos or art used on mechanical to
indicate placement and scaling, but not intended for reproduction.
Abbreviated FPO.
Forwarding
In the case book arena, the binding process which involves folding,
rounding, backing, headbanding and reinforcing.
Fountain
Trough or container, on a printing press, that holds fluids such as
ink, varnish or water. Also called duct.
Fountain Solution
Mixture of water and chemicals that dampens a printing plate to prevent
ink from adhering to the nonimage area. Also called dampener solution.
Four-color Process Printing
Technique of printing that uses black, magenta, cyan and yellow to
simulate full-color images. Also called color process printing, full
color printing and process printing.
Free Sheet
Paper made from cooked wood fibers mixed with chemicals and washed
free of impurities, as compared to groundwood paper. Also called woodfree
paper.
French Fold
A printed sheet, printed one side only, folded with two right angle
folds to form a four page uncut section.
Full-range Halftone
Halftone ranging from 0 percent coverage in its highlights to 100
percent coverage in its shadows.
Full-scale Black
Black separation made to have dots throughout the entire tonal range
of the image, as compared to half-scale black and skeleton black.
Also called full-range black.
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Galley Proof
Proof of type from any Source, whether metal type or photo type. Also
called checker and slip proof.
Gang
(1) To halftone or separate more than one image in only one exposure.
(2) To reproduce two or more different printed products simultaneously
on one sheet of paper during one press run. Also called combination
run.
Gate Fold
A sheet that folds where both sides fold toward the gutter in overlapping
layers.
Gathered
Signatures assembled next to each other in the proper sequence for
binding, as compared to nested. Also called stacked.
Ghost Halftone
Normal halftone whose density has been reduced to produce a very faint
image.
Ghosting
(1) Phenomenon of a faint image appearing on a printed sheet where
it was not intended to appear. Chemical ghosting refers to the transfer
of the faint image from the front of one sheet to the back of another
sheet. Mechanical ghosting refers to the faint image appearing as
a repeat of an image on the same side of the sheet. (2) Phenomenon
of printed image appearing too light because of ink starvation.
Gilding
Mostly in the book arena, gold leafing the edges of a book.
Gloss
Consider the light reflecting on various objects in the printing industry
(e.g., paper, ink, laminates, UV coating, varnish).
Gloss Ink
Ink used and printed on coated stock (mostly litho and letterpress)
such as the ink will dry without penetration.
Grade
General term used to distinguish between or among printing papers,
but whose specific meaning depends on context. Grade can refer to
the category, class, rating, finish or brand of paper.
Graduated Screen Tint
Screen tint that changes densities gradually and smoothly, not in
distinct steps. Also called degrade, gradient, ramped screen and vignette.
Grain Direction
Predominant direction in which fibers in paper become aligned during
manufacturing. Also called machine direction.
Grain Long Paper
Paper whose fibers run parallel to the long dimension of the sheet.
Also called long grain paper and narrow web paper.
Grain Short Paper
Paper whose fibers run parallel to the short dimension of the sheet.
Also called short grain paper and wide web paper.
Grammage
Basis weight of paper in grams per square meter (gsm).
Graphic Arts
The crafts, industries and professions related to designing and printing
on paper and other substrates.
Graphic Arts Film
Film whose emulsion yields high contrast images suitable for reproduction
by a printing press, as compared to continuous-tone film. Also called
litho film and repro film.
Graphic Design
Arrangement of type and visual elements along with specifications
for paper, ink colors and printing processes that, when combined,
convey a visual message.
Graphics
Visual elements that supplement type to make printed messages more
clear or interesting.
Gravure
Method of printing using metal cylinders etched with millions of tiny
wells that hold ink.
Gray Balance
Printed cyan, magenta and yellow halftone dots that accurately, reproduce
a neutral gray image.
Gray Component Replacement
Technique of replacing gray tones in the yellow, cyan and magenta
films, made while color separating, with black ink. Abbreviated GCR.
Also called achromatic color removal.
Gray Levels
Number of distinct gray tones that can be reproduced by a computer.
Gray Scale
Strip of gray values ranging from white to black. Used by process
camera and scanner operators to calibrate exposure times for film
and plates. Also called step wedge.
Grind Edge
Alternate term for binding edge when referring to perfect bound products.
Grindoff
Approximately 1/8 inch (3 mm) along the spine that is ground off gathered
signatures before perfect binding.
Gripper Edge
Edge of a sheet held by grippers on a sheetfed press, thus going first
through the press. Also called feeding edge and leading edge.
Groundwood Paper
Newsprint and other inexpensive paper made from pulp created when
wood chips are ground mechanically rather than refined chemically.
GSM
The unit of measurement for paper weight (grams per square meter).
Gutter
In the book arena, the inside margins toward the back or the binding
edges.
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Hairline (Rule)
Subjective term referring to very small space, thin line or close
register. The meaning depends on who is using the term and in what
circumstances.
Half-scale Black
Black separation made to have dots only in the shadows and midtones,
as compared to full-scale black and skeleton black.
Halftone
(1) To photograph or scan a continuous tone image to convert the image
into halftone dots. (2) A photograph or continuous-tone illustration
that has been halftoned and appears on film, paper, printing plate
or the final printed product.
Halftone Screen
Piece of film or glass containing a grid of lines that breaks light
into dots. Also called contact screen and screen.
Halo Effect
Faint shadow sometimes surrounding halftone dots printed. Also called
halation. The halo itself is also called a fringe.
Hard Dots
Halftone dots with no halos or soft edges, as compared to soft dots.
Hard Mechanical
Mechanical consisting of paper and/or acetate and made using paste-up
techniques, as compared to electronic mechanical.
Head(er)
At the top of a page, the margin.
Head-to-tail
Imposition with heads (tops) of pages facing tails (bottoms) of other
pages.
Heat-set Web
Web press equipped with an oven to dry ink, thus able to print coated
paper.
Hickey
Spot or imperfection in printing, most visible in areas of heavy ink
coverage, caused by dirt on the plate or blanket. Also called bulls
eye and fish eye.
High-fidelity Color
Color reproduced using six, eight or twelve separations, as compared
to four-color process.
High-key Photo
Photo whose most important details appear in the highlights.
Highlights
Lightest portions of a photograph or halftone, as compared to midtones
and shadows.
Hinged Cover
Perfect bound cover scored 1/8 inch (3mm) from the spine so it folds
at the hinge instead of, along the edge of the spine.
HLS
Abbreviation for hue, lightness, saturation, one of the color-control
options often found in software, for design and page assembly. Also
called HVS.
Hot Spot
Printing defect caused when a piece of dirt or an air bubble caused
incomplete draw-down during contact platemaking, leaving an area of
weak ink coverage or visible dot gain.
House Sheet
Paper kept in stock by a printer and suitable for a variety of printing
jobs. Also called floor sheet.
Hue
A specific color such as yellow or green.
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Image Area
The actual area on the printed matter that is not restricted to ink
coverage,
Imagesetter
Laser output device using photosensitive paper or film.
Imposition
Arrangement of pages on mechanicals or flats so they will appear in
proper sequence after press sheets are folded and bound.
Impression
(1) Referring to an ink color, one impression equals one press sheet
passing once through a printing unit. (2) Referring to speed of a
press, one impression equals one press sheet passing once through
the press.
Impression Cylinder
Cylinder, on a press, that pushes paper against the plate or blanket,
thus forming the image. Also called impression roller.
Imprint
To print new copy on a previously printed sheet, such as imprinting
an employee's name on business cards. Also called surprint.
Ink Balance
Relationship of the densities and dot gains of process inks to each
other and to a standard density of neutral gray
Ink Fountain
Reservoir, on a printing press, that holds ink.
Ink Holdout
Characteristic of paper that prevents it from absorbing ink, thus
allowing ink to dry on the surface of the paper. Also called holdout.
Ink Jet Printing
Method of printing by spraying droplets of ink through computer-controlled
nozzles. Also called jet printing.
Inner Form
Form (side of the press sheet) whose images all appear inside the
folded signature, as compared to outer form.
In-Plant Printer
Department of an agency, business or association that does printing
for a parent organization. Also called captive printer and in-house
printer.
Inserts
Within a publication, an additional item positioned into the publication
loose (not bound in).
Intaglio Printing
Printing method whose image carriers are surfaces with two levels,
having inked areas lower than noninked areas. Gravure and engraving
are the most common forms of intaglio. Also called recess printing.
Integral Proof
Color proof of separations shown on one piece of proofing paper, as
compared to an overlay proof. Also called composition proof, laminate
proof, plastic proof and single-sheet proof.
Interleaves
Printed pages loosely inserted in a publication.
ISBN
A number assigned to a published work and usually found either on
the title page or the back of the title page. Considered an International
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Job Lot Paper
Paper that didn't meet specifications when produced, has been discontinued,
or for other reasons is no longer considered first quality.
Job Number
A number assigned to a specific printing project in a printing company
for use in tracking and historical record keeping.
Job Ticket
Form used by service bureaus, separators and printers to specify production
schedule of a job and the materials it needs. Also called docket,
production order and work order.
Jogger
A vibration machine with a slopping platform to even-up stacks of
printed materials.
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K
Abbreviation for black in four-color process printing. Hence the 'K'
in CMYK.
Key
(1) The screw that controls ink flow from the ink fountain of a printing
press. (2) To relate loose pieces of copy to their positions on a
layout or mechanical using a system of numbers or letters. (3) Alternate
term for the color black, as in 'key plate.'
Keylines
Lines on a mechanical or negative showing the exact size, shape and
location of photographs or other graphic elements. Also called holding
lines.
Key Negative or Plate
Negative or plate that prints the most detail, thus whose image guides
the register of images from other plates. Also called key printer.
Kiss Die Cut
To die cut the top layer, but not the backing layer, of self-adhesive
paper. Also called face cut.
Kiss Impression
Lightest possible impression that will transfer ink to a Substrate.
Kraft Paper
Strong paper used for wrapping and to make grocery bags and large
envelopes.
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Laid Finish
Finish on bond or text paper on which grids of parallel lines simulate
the surface of handmade paper. Laid lines are close together and run
against the grain; chain lines are farther apart and run with the
grain.
Laminate
A thin transparent plastic sheet (coating) applied to usually a thick
stock (covers, post cards, etc.) providing protection against liquid
and heavy use, and usually accents existing color, providing a glossy
(or lens) effect.
Landscape
Artist style in which width is greater than height. (Portrait is opposite.)
Lap Register
Register where ink colors overlap slightly, as compared to butt register.
Laser Bond
Bond paper made especially smooth and dry to run well through laser
printers.
Laser-imprintable Ink
Ink that will not fade or blister as the paper on which it is printed
is used in a laser printer.
Lay Flat Bind
Method of perfect binding that allows a publication to lie fully open.
(Also known as Lay Flat Perfect Binding.)
Lay Edge
The edge of a sheet of paper feeding into a press.
Layout
A sample of the original providing (showing) position of printed work
(direction, instructions) needed and desired.
Leading
Amount of space between lines of type.
Leaf
One sheet of paper in a publication. Each side of a leaf is one page.
Ledger Paper
Strong, smooth bond paper used for keeping business records. Also
called record paper.
Letter fold
Two folds creating three panels that allow a sheet of letterhead to
fit a business envelope. Also called barrel fold and wrap around fold.
Letter Paper
In North America, 8 1/2' x 11' sheets. In Europe, A4 sheets.
Legend
Directions about a specific matter (illustrations) and how to use.
In regard to maps and tables, an explanation of signs (symbols) used.
Letterpress
Method of printing from raised surfaces, either metal type or plates
whose surfaces have been etched away from image areas. Also called
block printing.
Lightweight Paper
Book paper with basis weight less than 40# (60 gsm).
Lignin
Substance in trees that holds cellulose fibers together. Free sheet
has most lignin removed; groundwood paper contains lignin.
Line Copy
Any high-contrast image, including type, as compared to continuous-tone
copy. Also called line art and line work.
Line Negative
Negative made from line copy.
Linen Finish
Embossed finish on text paper that simulates the pattern of linen
cloth.
Lithography
Method of printing using plates whose image areas attract ink and
whose nonimage areas repel ink. Nonimage areas may be coated with
water to repel the oily ink or may have a surface, such as silicon,
that repels ink.
Live Area
Area on a mechanical within which images will print. Also called safe
area.
Logo (Logotype)
A company, partnership or corporate creation (design) that denotes
a unique entity. A possible combination of letters and art work to
create a "sole" entity symbol of that specific unit.
Looseleaf
Binding method allowing insertion and removal of pages in a publication
(e.g., trim-4-drill-3).
Loose Proof
Proof of a halftone or color separation that is not assembled with
other elements from a page, as compared to composite proof. Also called
first proof, random proof, scatter proof and show-color proof.
Loupe
Lens built into a small stand. Used to inspect copy, film, proofs,
plates and printing. Also called glass and linen tester.
Low Key Photo
Photo whose most important details appear in the shadows.
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Machine Glazed (MG)
Paper holding a high-gloss finish only on one side.
Magenta
One of the four process colors.
Makeready
(1) All activities required to prepare a press or other machine to
function for a specific printing or bindery job, as compared to production
run. Also called setup. (2) Paper used in the makeready process at
any stage in production. Makeready paper is part of waste or spoilage.
Making Order
Order for paper that a mill makes to the customer's specifications,
as compared to a mill order or stock order.
Male Die
Die that applies pressure during embossing or debossing. Also called
force card.
Manuscript (MS)
An author's original form of work (hand written, typed or on disk)
submitted for publication.
Margin
Imprinted space around the edge of the printed material.
Mark-Up
Instructions written usually on a "dummy."
Mask
To prevent light from reaching part of an image, therefore isolating
the remaining part. Also called knock out.
Master
Paper or plastic plate used on a duplicating press.
Match Print
A form of a four-color-process proofing system.
Matte Finish
Flat (not glossy) finish on photographic paper or coated printing
paper.
Mechanical
Camera-ready assembly of type, graphic and other copy complete with
instructions to the printer. A hard mechanical consists of paper and/or
acetate, is made using paste-up techniques, and may also be called
an artboard, board or paste-up. A soft mechanical, also called an
electronic mechanical, exists as a file of type and other images assembled
using a computer.
Mechanical Bind
To bind using a comb, coil, ring binder, post or any other technique
not requiring gluing, sewing or stitching.
Mechanical Separation
Color breaks made on the mechanical using a separate overlay for each
color to be printed.
Mechanical Tint
Lines or patterns formed with dots creating artwork for reproduction.
Metallic Ink
Ink containing powdered metal or pigments that simulate metal.
Metallic Paper
Paper coated with a thin film of plastic or pigment whose color and
gloss simulate metal.
Midtones
In a photograph or illustration, tones created by dots between 30
percent and 70 percent of coverage, as compared to highlights and
shadows.
Mil 1/1000 Inch
The thickness of plastic films as printing substrates are expressed
in mils.
Misting
Phenomenon of droplets of ink being thrown off the roller train. Also
called flying ink.
Mock Up
A reproduction of the original printed matter and possibly containing
instructions or direction.
Modem
Mostly used over phone lines, a device that converts electronic stored
information from point a. to point b.
Moire
Undesirable pattern resulting when halftones and screen tints are
made with improperly aligned screens, or when a pattern in a photo,
such as a plaid, interfaces with a halftone dot pattern.
Monarch
Paper size (7' x 10') and envelope shape often used for personal stationery.
Mottle
Spotty, uneven ink absorption. Also called sinkage. A mottled image
may be called mealy.
Mull
A specific type of glue used for books binding and personal pads needing
strength.
Multicolor Printing
Printing in more than one ink color (but not four-color process).
Also called polychrome printing.
M Weight
Weight of 1,000 sheets of paper in any specific size.
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Natural Color
Very light brown color of paper. May also be called antique, cream,
ivory, off-white or mellow white.
Nested
Signatures assembled inside one another in the proper sequence for
binding, as compared to gathered. Also called inset.
Neutral Gray
Gray with no hue or cast.
News Print
Paper used in printing newspapers. Considered low quality and "a
short life use."
Newton Ring
Flaw in a photograph or halftone that looks like a drop of oil or
water.
Nipping
In the book binding process, a stage where air is expelled from it's
contents at the sewing stage.
Nonheatset Web
Web press without a drying oven, thus not able to print on coated
paper. Also called cold-set web and open web.
Nonimpact Printing
Printing using lasers, ions, ink jets or heat to transfer images to
paper.
Nonreproducing Blue
Light blue that does not record on graphic arts film, therefore may
be used to preprint layout grids and write instructions on mechanicals.
Also called blue pencil, drop-out blue, fade-out blue and nonrepro
blue.
Novelty Printing
Printing on products such as coasters, pencils, balloons, golf balls
and ashtrays, known as advertising specialties or premiums.
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Offset Printing
Printing technique that transfers ink from a plate to a blanket to
paper instead of directly from plate to paper.
Opacity
(1) Characteristic of paper or other substrate that prevents printing
on one side from showing through the other side. (2) Characteristic
of ink that prevents the substrate from showing through.
Onion Skin
A specific lightweight type (kind) of paper usually used in the past
for air mail. Seldom used today (in the typewriter era).
Opaque
(1) Not transparent. (2) To cover flaws in negative with tape or opaquing
paint. Also called block out and spot.
Open Prepress Interface
Hardware and software that link desktop publishing systems with color
electronic prepress systems.
Outer form
Form (side of a press sheet) containing images for the first and last
pages of the folded signature (its outside pages) as compared to inner
form.
Outline Halftone
Halftone in which background has been removed or replaced to isolate
or silhouette the main image. Also called knockout halftone and silhouette
halftone.
Overlay
Layer of material taped to a mechanical, photo or proof. Acetate overlays
are used to separate colors by having some type or art on them instead
of on the mounting board. Tissue overlays are used to carry instructions
about the underlying copy and to protect the base art.
Overlay Proof
Color proof consisting of polyester sheets laid on top of each other
with their image in register, as compared to integral proof. Each
sheet represents the image to be printed in one color. Also called
celluloid proof and layered proof.
Overprint
To print one image over a previously printed image, such as printing
type over a screen tint. Also called surprint.
Over Run
Additional printed matter beyond order. Overage policy varies in the
printing industry. Advance questions avoid blind knowledge.
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Page
One side of a leaf in a publication.
Page Count
Total number of pages that a publication has. Also called extent.
Page Proof
Proof of type and graphics as they will look on the finished page
complete with elements such as headings, rules and folios.
Pagination
In the book arena, the numbering of pages.
Painted Sheet
Sheet printed with ink edge to edge, as compared to spot color. The
painted sheet refers to the final product, not the press sheet, and
means that 100 percent coverage results from bleeds off all four sides.
Panel
One page of a brochure, such as one panel of a rack brochure. One
panel is on one side of the paper. A letter-folded sheet has six panels,
not three.
Paper Plate
A printing plate made of strong and durable paper in the short run
offset arena (cost effective with short runs).
Parallel Fold
Method of folding. Two parallel folds to a sheet will produce 6 panels.
Parent Sheet
Any sheet larger than 11' x 17' or A3.
Pasteboard
Chipboard with another paper pasted to it.
Paste-up
To paste copy to mounting boards and, if necessary, to overlays so
it is assembled into a camera-ready mechanical. The mechanical produced
is often called a paste-up.
PE
Proofreader mark meaning printer error and showing a mistake by a
typesetter, prepress service or printer as compared to an error by
the customer.
Perfect Bind
To bind sheets that have been ground at the spine and are held to
the cover by glue. Also called adhesive bind, cut-back bind, glue
bind, paper bind, patent bind, perfecting bind, soft bind and soft
cover. See also Burst Perfect Bind.
Perfecting Press
Press capable of printing both sides of the paper during a single
pass. Also called duplex press and perfector.
Perf Marks
On a "dummy" marking where the perforation is to occur.
Perforating
Taking place on a press or a binder machine, creating a line of small
dotted wholes for the purpose of tearing-off a part of a printed matter
(usually straight lines, vertical or horizontal).
Pica
A unit of measure in the printing industry. A pica is approximately
0.166 in. There are 12 points to a pica.
Photoengraving
Engraving done using photochemistry.
Photomechanical Transfer
Brand name for a diffusion transfer process used to make positive
paper prints of line copy and halftones. Often used as alternate term
for photostat. Abbreviated PMT.
Photostat
Brand name for a diffusion transfer process used to make positive
paper prints of line copy and halftones. Often used as alternate term
for PMT.
Picking
Phenomenon of ink pulling bits of coating or fiber away from the surface
of paper as it travels through the press, thus leaving unprinted spots
in the image area.
Pickup Art
Artwork, used in a previous job, to be incorporated in a current job.
Pinholing
Small holes (unwanted) in printed areas because of a variety of reasons.
Pin Register
Technique of registering separations, flats and printing plates by
using small holes, all of equal diameter, at the edges of both flats
and plates.
Pixel
Short for picture element, a dot made by a computer, scanner or other
digital device. Also called pel.
Planographic Printing
Printing method whose image carriers are level surfaces with inked
areas separated from noninked areas by chemical means. Planographic
printing includes lithography, offset lithography and spirit duplicating.
Plate
Piece of paper, metal, plastic or rubber carrying an image to be reproduced
using a printing press.
Platemaker
(1) In quick printing, a process camera that makes plates automatically
from mechanicals. (2) In commercial lithography, a machine with a
vacuum frame used to expose plates through film.
Plate-ready Film
Stripped negatives or positives fully prepared for platemaking.
Pleasing Color
Color that the customer considers satisfactory even though it may
not precisely match original samples, scenes or objects.
PMS
Obsolete reference to Pantone Matching System. The correct trade name
of the colors in the Pantone Matching System is Pantone colors, not
PMS Colors.
PMT
Abbreviation for photomechanical transfer.
Point
(1) Regarding paper, a unit of thickness equating 1/1000 inch. (2)
Regarding type, a unit of measure equaling 1/12 pica and .013875 inch
(.351mm).
Portrait
An art design in which the height is greater than the width. (Opposite
of Landscape.)
Position Stat
Photocopy or PMT of a photo or illustration made to size and affixed
to a mechanical.
Positive Film
Film that prevents light from passing through images, as compared
to negative film that allows light to pass through. Also called knockout
film.
Post Bind
To bind using a screw and post inserted through a hole in a pile of
loose sheets.
Prepress
Camera work, color separations, stripping, platemaking and other prepress
functions performed by the printer, separator or a service bureau
prior to printing. Also called preparation.
Prepress Proof
Any color proof made using ink jet, toner, dyes or overlays, as compared
to a press proof printed using ink. Also called dry proof and off-press
proof.
Preprint
To print portions of sheets that will be used for later imprinting.
Press Check
Event at which makeready sheets from the press are examined before
authorizing full production to begin.
Press Proof
Proof made on press using the plates, ink and paper specified for
the job. Also called strike off and trial proof.
Press Time
(1) Amount of time that one printing job spends on press, including
time required for makeready. (2) Time of day at which a printing job
goes on press.
Price Break
Quantity at which unit cost of paper or printing drops.
Printer Pairs
Usually in the book arena, consecutive pages as they appear on a flat
or signature.
Printer Spreads
Mechanicals made so they are imposed for printing, as compared to
reader spreads.
Printing
Any process that transfers to paper or another substrate an image
from an original such as a film negative or positive, electronic memory,
stencil, die or plate.
Printing Plate
Surface carrying an image to be printed. Quick printing uses paper
or plastic plates; letterpress, engraving and commercial lithography
use metal plates; flexography uses rubber or soft plastic plates.
Gravure printing uses a cylinder. The screen printing is also called
a plate.
Printing Unit
Assembly of fountain, rollers and cylinders that will print one ink
color. Also called color station, deck, ink station, printer, station
and tower.
Process Camera
Camera used to photograph mechanicals and other camera-ready copy.
Also called copy, camera and graphic arts camera. A small, simple
process camera may be called a stat camera.
Process Color (Inks)
The colors used for four-color process printing: yellow, magenta,
cyan and black.
Production Run
Press run intended to manufacture products as specified, as compared
to makeready.
Proof
Test sheet made to reveal errors or flaws, predict results on press
and record how a printing job is intended to appear when finished.
Proofreader Marks
Standard symbols and abbreviations used to mark up manuscripts and
proofs. Also called correction marks.
Proportion Scale
Round device used to calculate percent that an original image must
by reduced or enlarged to yield a specific reproduction size. Also
called percentage wheel, proportion dial, proportion wheel and scaling
wheel.
Publishing Paper
Paper made in weights, colors and surfaces suited to books, magazines,
catalogs and free-standing inserts.
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Quality
Subjective term relating to expectations by the customer, printer
and other professionals associated with a printing job and whether
the job meets those expectations.
Quarto
(1) Sheet folded twice, making pages one-fourth the size of the original
sheet. A quarto makes an 8-page signature. (2) Book made from quarto
sheets, traditionally measuring about 9' x 12'.
Quick Printing
Printing using small sheetfed presses, called duplicators, using cut
sizes of bond and offset paper.
Quotation
Price offered by a printer to produce a specific job.
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Rag Paper
Stationery or other forms of stock having a strong percentage content
of "cotton rags."
Rainbow Fountain
Technique of putting ink colors next to each other in the same ink
fountain and oscillating the ink rollers to make the colors merge
where they touch, producing a rainbow effect.
Raster Image Processor
Device that translates page description commands into bitmapped information
for an output device such as a laser printer or imagesetter.
Reader Spread
Mechanicals made in two page spreads as readers would see the pages,
as compared to printer spread.
Ream
500 sheets of paper.
Recycled Paper
New paper made entirely or in part from old paper.
Reflective Copy
Products, such as fabrics, illustrations and photographic prints,
viewed by light reflected from them, as compared to transparent copy.
Also called reflex copy.
Register
To place printing properly with regard to the edges of paper and other
printing on the same sheet. Such printing is said to be in register.
Register Marks
Cross-hair lines on mechanicals and film that help keep flats, plates,
and printing in register. Also called crossmarks and position marks.
Relief Printing
Printing method whose image carriers are surfaces with two levels
having inked areas higher than noninked areas. Relief printing includes
block printing, flexography and letter press.
Repeatability
Ability of a device, such as an imagesetter, to produce film or plates
that yield images in register.
Reprographics
General term for xerography, diazo and other methods of copying used
by designers, engineers, architects or for general office use.
Resolution
Sharpness of an image on film, paper, computer screen, disc, tape
or other medium.
Resolution Target
An image, such as the GATF Star Target, that permits evaluation of
resolution on film, proofs or plates.
Reverse
Type, graphic or illustration reproduced by printing ink around its
outline, thus allowing the underlying color or paper to show through
and form the image. The image 'reverses out' of the ink color. Also
called knockout and liftout.
RGB
Abbreviation for red, green, blue, the additive color primaries.
Right Reading
Copy that reads correctly in the language in which it is written.
Also describes a photo whose orientation looks like the original scene,
as compared to a flopped image.
Rotary Press
Printing press which passes the substrate between two rotating cylinders
when making an impression.
Round Back Bind
To casebind with a rounded (convex) spine, as compared to flat back
bind.
Ruby Window
Mask on a mechanical, made with rubylith, that creates a window on
film shot from the mechanical.
Rule
Line used as a graphic element to separate or organize copy.
Ruleup
Map or drawing given by a printer to a stripper showing how a printing
job must be imposed using a specific press and sheet size. Also called
press layout, printer's layout and ruleout.
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Saddle Stitch
To bind by stapling sheets together where they fold at the spine,
as compared to side stitch. Also called pamphlet stitch, saddle wire
and stitch bind.
Satin Finish
Alternate term for dull finish on coated paper.
Scale
To identify the percent by which photographs or art should be enlarged
or reduced to achieve, the correct size for printing.
Scanner
Electronic device used to scan an image.
Score
To compress paper along a straight line so it folds more easily and
accurately. Also called crease.
Screen Angles
Angles at which screens intersect with the horizontal line of the
press sheet. The common screen angles for separations are black 45
degree, magenta 75 degree, yellow 90 degree and cyan 105 degree.
Screen Density
Refers to the percentage of ink coverage that a screen tint allows
to print. Also called screen percentage.
Screen Printing
Method of printing by using a squeegee to force ink through an assembly
of mesh fabric and a stencil.
Screen Ruling
Number of rows or lines of dots per inch or centimeter in a screen
for making a screen tint or halftone. Also called line count, ruling,
screen frequency, screen size and screen value.
Screen Tint
Color created by dots instead of solid ink coverage. Also called Benday,
fill pattern, screen tone, shading, tint and tone.
Selective Binding
Placing signatures or inserts in magazines or catalogs according to
demographic or geographic guidelines.
Self Cover
Usually in the book arena, a publication not having a cover stock.
A publication only using text stock throughout.
Self Mailer
A printed item independent of an envelope. A printed item capable
of travel in the mailing arena independently.
Separated Art
Art with elements that print in the base color on one surface and
elements that print in other colors on other surfaces. Also called
preseparated art.
Separations
Usually in the four-color process arena, separate film holding qimages
of one specific color per piece of film. Black, Cyan, Magenta and
Yellow. Can also separate specific PMS colors through film.
Serigraphic Printing
Printing method whose image carriers are woven fabric, plastic or
metal that allow ink to pass through some portions and block ink from
passing through other portions. Serigraphic printing includes screen
and mimeograph.
Service Bureau
Business using imagesetters to make high resolution printouts of files
prepared on microcomputers. Also called output house and prep service.
Setoff
Undesirable transfer of wet ink from the top of one sheet to the underside
of another as they lie in the delivery stack of a press. Also called
offset.
Shade
Hue made darker by the addition of black, as compared to tint.
Shadows
Darkest areas of a photograph or illustration, as compared to midtones
and high-lights.
Sheetfed Press
Press that prints sheets of paper, as compared to a web press.
Sheetwise
Technique of printing one side of a sheet with one set of plates,
then the other side of the sheet with a set of different plates. Also
called work and back.
Shingling
Allowance, made during paste-up or stripping, to compensate for creep.
Creep is the problem; shingling is the solution. Also called stair
stepping and progressive margins.
Side stitch
To bind by stapling through sheets along, one edge, as compared to
saddle stitch. Also called cleat stitch and side wire.
Signature
Printed sheet folded at least once, possibly many times, to become
part of a book, magazine or other publication.
Size
Compound mixed with paper or fabric to make it stiffer and less able
to absorb moisture.
Slip Sheets
Separate sheets (stock) independent from the original run positioned
between the "printed run" for a variety of reasons.
Soft Dots
Halftones dots with halos.
Solid
Any area of the sheet receiving 100 percent ink coverage, as compared
to a screen tint.
Soy-based Inks
Inks using vegetable oils instead of petroleum products as pigment
vehicles, thus are easier on the environment.
Specially Printer
Printer whose equipment, supplies, work flow and marketing is targeted
to a particular category of products.
Specifications
Complete and precise written description of features of a printing
job such as type size and leading, paper grade and quantity, printing
or binding method. Abbreviated specs.
Spectrophotometer
Instrument used to measure the index of refraction of color.
Specular Highlight
Highlight area with no printable dots, thus no detail, as compared
to a diffuse highlight. Also called catchlight and dropout highlight.
Spine
Back or binding edge of a publication
Spiral Bind
To bind using a spiral of continuous wire or plastic looped through
holes. Also called coil bind.
Split Fountain
Technique of putting ink colors next to each other in the same ink
fountain and printing them off the same plate. Split fountains keep
edges of colors distinct, as compared to rainbow fountains that blend
edges.
Split Run
(1) Different images, such as advertisements, printed in different
editions of a publication. (2) Printing of a book that has some copies
bound one way and other copies bound another way.
Spoilage
Paper that, due to mistakes or accidents, must be thrown away instead
of delivered printed to the customer, as compared to waste.
Spot Color or Varnish
One ink or varnish applied to portions of a sheet, as compared to
flood or painted sheet.
Spread
(1) Two pages that face each other and are designed as one visual
or production unit. (2) Technique of slightly enlarging the size of
an image to accomplish a hairline trap with another image. Also called
fatty.
Standard Viewing Conditions
Background of 60 percent neutral gray and light that measures 5000
degrees Kelvin the color of daylight on a bright day. Also called
lighting standards.
Stat
Short for photostat, therefore a general term for an inexpensive photographic
print of line copy or halftone.
Statistical Process Control
Method used by printers to ensure quality and delivery times specified
by customers. Abbreviated SPC.
Step and Repeat
Prepress technique of exposing an image in a precise, multiple pattern
to create a flat or plate. Images are said to be stepped across the
film or plate.
Stocking Paper
Popular sizes, weights and colors of papers available for prompt delivery
from a merchant's warehouse.
Stock Order
Order for paper that a mill or merchant sends to a printer from inventory
at a warehouse, as compared to a mill order.
String Score
Score created by pressing a string against paper, as compared to scoring
using a metal edge.
Strip
To assemble images on film for platemaking. Stripping involves correcting
flaws in film, assembling pieces of film into flats and ensuring that
film and flats register correctly. Also called film assembly and image
assembly.
Substance Weight
Alternate term for basis weight, usually referring to bond papers.
Also called sub weight.
Stumping (Blocking)
In the book arena, hot die, foil or other means in creating an image
on a case bound book.
Substrate
Any surface or material on which printing is done.
Subtractive Color
Color produced by light reflected from a surface, as compared to additive
color. Subtractive color includes hues in color photos and colors
created by inks on paper.
Subtractive Primary Color
Yellow, magenta and cyan. In the graphic arts, these are known as
process colors because, along with black, they are the inks colors
used in color-process printing.
Supercalendered Paper
Paper calendered using alternating chrome and fiber rollers to produce
a smooth, thin sheet. Abbreviated SC paper.
Surprint
Taking an already printed matter and re-printing again on the same.
Swash Book
A book in a variety of forms, indicating specific stock in specific
colors in a specific thickness.
SWOP
Abbreviation for specifications for web offset publications, specifications
recommended for web printing of publications.
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Tabloid
Using a broadsheet as a measure, one half of a broadsheet.
Tag
Grade of dense, strong paper used for products such as badges and
file folders.
Tagged Image File Format
Computer file format used to store images from scanners and video
devices. Abbreviated TIFF.
Target Ink Densities
Densities of the four process inks as recommended for various printing
processes and grades of paper. See also Total Area Coverage.
Template
Concerning a printing project's basic details in regard to its dimensions.
A standard layout.
Text Paper
Designation for printing papers with textured surfaces such as laid
or linen. Some mills also use 'text' to refer to any paper they consider
top-of-the-line, whether or not its surface has a texture.
Thermography
Method of printing using colorless resin powder that takes on the
color of underlying ink. Also called raised printing.
Thumbnails
Initial ideas jotted on virtually anything in regard to initial concept
of a future project.
Tint
Screening or adding white to a solid color for results of lightening
that specific color.
Tip In
Usually in the book arena, adding an additional page(s) beyond the
normal process (separate insertion).
Tone Compression
Reduction in the tonal range from original scene to printed reproduction.
Total Area Coverage
Total of the dot percentages of the process colors in the final film.
Abbreviated for TAC. Also called density of tone, maximum density,
shadow saturation, total dot density and total ink coverage.
Touch Plate
Plate that accents or prints a color that four-color process printing
cannot reproduce well enough or at all. Also called kiss plate.
Trade Shop
Service bureau, printer or bindery working primarily for other graphic
arts professionals, not for the general public.
Transparency
Positive photographic image on film allowing light to pass through.
Also called chrome, color transparency and tranny. Often abbreviated
TX.
Trap
To print one ink over another or to print a coating, such as varnish,
over an ink. The first liquid traps the second liquid. See also Dry
Traps and Wet Traps.
Trim Size
The size of the printed material in its finished stage (e.g., the
finished trim size is 5 1\2 x 8 1\2).
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Uncoated Paper
Paper that has not been coated with clay. Also called offset paper.
Undercolor Addition
Technique of making color separations that increases the amount of
cyan, magenta or yellow ink in shadow areas. Abbreviated UCA.
Undercolor Removal
Technique of making color separations such that the amount of cyan,
magenta and yellow ink is reduced in midtone and shadow areas while
the amount of black is increased. Abbreviated UCR.
Universal Copyright Convention (UCC)
A system to protect unique work from reproducing without knowledge
from the originator. To qualify, one must register their work and
publish a (c) indicating registration.
Unsharp Masking
Technique of adjusting dot size to make a halftone or separation appear
sharper (in better focus) than the original photo or the first proof.
Also called edge enhancement and peaking.
Up
Term to indicate multiple copies of one image printed in one impression
on a single sheet. "Two up" or "three up" means
printing the identical piece twice or three times on each sheet.
UV Coating
Liquid applied to a printed sheet, then bonded and cured with ultraviolet
light.
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Value
The shade (darkness) or tint (lightness) of a color. Also called brightness,
lightness, shade and tone.
Varnish
Liquid applied as a coating for protection and appearance.
Vellum Finish
Somewhat rough, toothy finish.
Velox
Brand name for high-contrast photographic paper.
Viewing Booth
Small area or room that is set up for proper viewing of transparencies,
color separations or press sheets. Also called color booth. See also
Standard Viewing Conditions.
Vignette
Decorative design or illustration fade to white.
Vignette Halftone
Halftone whose background gradually and smoothly fades away. Also
called degrade.
Virgin Paper
Paper made exclusively of pulp from trees or cotton, as compared to
recycled paper.
VOC
Abbreviation for volatile organic compounds, petroleum substances
used as the vehicles for many printing inks.
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Wash Up
To clean ink and fountain solutions from rollers, fountains, screens,
and other press components.
Waste
Unusable paper or paper damage during normal makeready, printing or
binding operations, as compared to spoilage.
Watermark
Translucent logo in paper created during manufacturing by slight embossing
from a dandy roll while paper is still approximately 90 percent water.
Web Break
Split of the paper as it travels through a web press, causing operators
to rethread the press.
Web Gain
Unacceptable stretching of paper as it passes through the press.
Web Press
Press that prints from rolls of paper, usually cutting it into sheets
after printing. Also called reel-fed press. Web presses come in many
sizes, the most common being mini, half, three quarter (also called
8-pages) and full (also called 16-pages).
Wet Trap
To print ink or varnish over wet ink, as compared to dry trap.
Window
(1) In a printed product, a die-cut hole revealing an image on the
sheet behind it. (2) On a mechanical, an area that has been marked
for placement of a piece of artwork.
Wire Side
Side of the paper that rests against The Fourdrinier wire during papermaking,
as compared to felt side.
With the Grain
Parallel to the grain direction of the paper being used, as compared
to against the grain. See also Grain Direction.
Woodfree Paper
Made with chemical pulp only. Paper usually classified as calendered
or supercalendered.
Working Film
Intermediate film that will be copied to make final film after all
corrections are made. Also called buildups.
Wove
Paper manufactured without visible wire marks, usually a fine textured
paper.
Wrong Reading
An image that is backwards when compared to the original. Also called
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